Key words: elite sport, athletes, supplement use, intention, attitude, norms
This paper offers support for the gateway hypothesis by showing that athletes who engage in legal performance enhancement practices (supplement use) appear to embody an “at-risk” group for transition toward doping. [Observational (cross sectional)]
Key words: sport, public, attitude, intervention, values of sport, harms of sport
The findings are discussed with respect to policy making and the role of school-based interventions in promoting an anti-doping culture in young people. [Experimental (field)]
Key words: fitness sport, athletes, doping use, norms, attitude, intentions, self-affirmation
The study presents novel findings about the role of self-affirmation in the decision-making process relevant to doping use and can have direct implications for preventive interventions. [Observational (cross sectional)]
Key words: amateur sport, athletes, doping use, youth, performance enhancement, attribution, social desirability
These findings imply that beliefs about the causes of success in youth sports may comprise another dimension of risk factors for doping susceptibility and use. [Observational (cross sectional)]
Key words: elite sport, athletes, doping use intention, decision making, social projection, norms, mental representation, gateway hypothesis, safe alternative
The present study shows that NS use is associated with biased reasoning patterns in favor of doping use. This mechanism may explain why some NS users decide to engage in doping [Observational (cross sectional)]
Key words: elite sport, athletes, doping use intention, motivation, goal orientation, sportspersonship
The findings of the present study provide valuable information on the motivational and sportspersonship orientations of athletes who have used or intend to use doping substances. [Observational (cross sectional)]
Key words: elite sport, athletes, doping use, goal orientation, self-determination, sportpersonship, theory of planned behavior, theory of triadic influence
Sportspersonship (moral) orientations were relevant to doping intentions among athletes with no prior experiences with doping, while achievement goals and situational temptation were relevant to both lifetime never and ever dopers. [Observational (cross sectional)]
Baumgarten, F., Lucidi, F., Mallia, L., Zelli, A., & Brand, R. (in press). Bury the inner hatchet: Complex propositions mediate the relationship of potentially discrepant implicit and explicit attitudes on doping intention. Performance Enhancement & Health. doi:10.1016/j.peh.2016.01.002
Key words: sport, athletes, doping use intention, implicit association tests (stimulus compatibility), moral disengagement
This article presents data illustrating that moral disengagement mediates the relationship between implicit-explicit attitudinal discrepancy and doping intention. [Observational (cross sectional)]
Brand, R., Heck, P., & Ziegler, M. (2014). Illegal performance enhancing drugs and doping in sport: a picture-based brief implicit association test for measuring athletes’ attitudes. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 9:7. doi: 10.1186/1747-597X-9-7.
Key words: bodybuilding, athletes, doping use, anabolic steroids, implicit association tests (stimulus compatibility), attitude
This article shows that pictorial doping BIAT is able to identify athletes with biochemically tested doping positive urine samples. [Observational (cross sectional)]
Brand, R., Wolff, W.,& Thieme, D. (2014). Using response-time latencies to measure athletes’ doping attitudes: the brief implicit attitude test identifies substance abuse in bodybuilders. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 9:36. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-9-36
Key words: bodybuilding, athletes, doping use, anabolic steroids, implicit association tests (stimulus compatibility), attitude
This article explains the construction and psychometric properties of the pictorial doping BIAT for measuring athletes’ doping attitude. [Observational (cross sectional)]
Brand, R., Wolff. W., & Baumgarten, F. (2015). Modeling doping cognition from a dual process perspective. In V. Barkoukis, L. Lazuras & H. Tsorbatzoudis (Eds.), Psychology of Doping in Sport (pp. 33-43). London: Routledge.
Key words: sport, athletes, doping cognition
This chapter introduces cognitive dual process theory to the field of doping research [Review]
Elbe, A. M. & Brand, R. (2014). The effect of an ethical decision-making training on young athletes’ attitudes towards doping. Ethics & Behavior. doi: 10.1080/10508422.2014.976864
Key words: sport, athletes, doping use, decision making, ethics
This article describes an intervention with a set of ethical dilemmas at its core [Intervention]
Elbe, A. M. & Brand, R. (2014). Urination difficulties during doping controls: an act of rebellion? Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 8, 204-214. doi: 10.1123/jcsp.2014-0022
Key words: elite sport, athletes, doping controls
This study empirically illustrates factors that impede athletes’ ability to give their urine sample during doping controls [Observational (cross sectional)]
Key words: sport, athletes, doping use willingness, attitude, implicit association tests (stimulus compatibility), mental representation, knowledge outcome expectation
This study suggests that interventions promoting healthy alternatives to doping can change outcome expectations in a positive way, thus could be used for anti-doping. [Experimental (field)]
Key words: sport, athletes, doping use, motivation, performance enhancement, prohibited substances, social cognition
The present study confirmed the dual structure of an integrative model of doping intentions and further highlighted the role of anticipated regret in the study of adolescent doping use. [Observational (cross sectional)]
Key words: elite sport, athletes, doping use intention, norms, performance enhancing drugs, PED use in sports, normative influence, situational temptation, mediation effect
The findings provide the basis for future social cognition research in doping use, and set the framework for the development of evidence-based preventive interventions. [Observational (cross sectional)]
Lucidi, F., Grano, C., Leone, L., Lombardo, C., Pesce, C. (2004). Determinants of the intention to use doping substances: An empirical contribution in a sample of Italian adolescents. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 35 (2), pp. 133-148
Key words: amateur sport, athletes, doping use, attitude, norms, moral disengagement, intention
The study evaluated whether intentions toward doping use in adolescents could be predicted by the Theory of Planned Behaviour variables (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control) as well as by past use of ergogenic supplements and by moral disengagement. [Observational (longitudinal)]
Key words: sport, athletes, doping use, moral disengagement, self-efficacy, attitude, intention, social norms
The study firstly showed that different mechanisms of moral disengagement loaded on a single dimension and, secondly, evidenced that moral disengagement had reciprocal longitudinal relations with a series of doping-related variables, namely, positive attitudes, self-regulatory efficacy to resist social pressure for doping social norms concerning approval for doping use, and doping intentions. [Observational (longitudinal)]
Key words: sport, athletes, doping use, attitude, intention, norms, moral disengagement, self-regulatory efficacy
The study assessed the longitudinal effects of social-cognitive mechanisms (i.e. attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral control, self-regulatory efficacy, moral disengagement, intentions) on the self-reported use of doping substances and supplements among Italian high school students. [Observational (longitudinal)]
Key words: sport, athletes, doping use intention, moral disengagement, intention, self-efficacy, social environment
The study focused on the development and validation of three instruments designed to assess athletes’ self-regulatory efficacy in team contexts, team collective efficacy and team moral disengagement with relevance for doping use across three European countries. [Observational (cross sectional)]
Key words: sport, athletes, doping use, attitude
The study focused on the extent to which sociodemographic characteristics and illegal PES use were associated with adolescents’ positive attitudes toward illegal PES use. [Observational (cross sectional)]
Key words: sport, athletes, supplement use, morality, attitude, norms, self-efficacy
This review identifies a number of important correlates of doping intention and behavior, many of which were measured via self-reports and were drawn from an extended TPB framework. [Meta-analysis]
Key words: elite sport, athletes, doping use, decision making, goal orientation, motivation, heuristics
This paper presents an incremental-functional theoretical model of doping to reflect the motivated, goal-driven and progressive nature of athletes’ involvement in performance enhancing practices. [Review]
Schindler, S., Wolff, W., Kissler, J., & Brand, R. (2015). Cerebral correlates of faking: Evidence from a Brief Implicit Association Test on doping attitudes. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9:139. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00139
Key words: sport, athletes, doping attitude, implicit association tests (stimulus compatibility)
This work provides evidence that the pictorial doping BIAT captures relatively automatic evaluations of doping [Experimental (laboratory)]
Key words: fitness sport, public, supplement use, performance enhancement, social cognitions, social physique anxiety
The present study provides novel findings about the effect of social physique anxiety and social cognitive processes on nutritional supplement use among leisure time exercisers. [Observational (cross sectional)]
Wolff, W., Schindler, S., & Brand, R. (2015). The effect of implicitly incentivized faking on explicit and implicit measures of doping attitude: When athletes want to pretend an even more negative attitude to doping. PLoS One, 10(4):e0118507. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118507
Key words: sport, athletes, doping attitude, implicit association tests (stimulus compatibility)
This experimental study shows that pictorial doping BIAT is relatively robust against test faking. [Experimental (laboratory)]
Key words: Sport, athletes, doping use intention, attitude, intention, drive for thinness, drive for muscularity
The study showed that muscularity and thinness have direct effects on adolescents’ intentions to engage in doping and that muscularity, but not thinness, partly exerts its effects through the endorsement of positive attitudes toward doping. [Observational (longitudinal)]
Key words: sport, athletes, doping use, attitude, norms, moral disengagement, self-efficacy, intentions, interpersonal appraisals
The present study examined the novel hypothesis that adolescents’ appraisals of interpersonal encounters in which they are solicited to use doping substances would moderate the relations linking beliefs (i.e. attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral control, self-regulatory efficacy, moral disengagement) to doping intentions and doping use. [Observational (longitudinal)]